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Ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster and its predecessor, the Parliament of Great Britain, were held from 1707 to the 1920s when a member of parliament (MP) was appointed as a minister in the government. Unlike most Westminster by-elections, ministerial by-elections were often a formality, uncontested by opposition parties. Re-election was required under the Succession to the Crown Act 1707. This was in line with the principle established in 1624 that accepting an office of profit from the Crown would precipitate resignation from the House, with the option of standing for re-election. Typically a minister sought re-election in the same constituency he had just vacated, but occasionally contested another seat which was also vacant. In 1910 ''The Times'' newspaper noted that the relevant Act had been passed in the reign of Queen Anne "to prevent the Court from swamping the House of Commons with placemen and pensioners", and described the process as "anomalous" and "indefensible" in the 20th century. The Re-Election of Ministers Act 1919 ended the necessity to seek re-election within nine months of a general election,〔 and the Re-Election of Ministers Act (1919) Amendment Act 1926 ended the practice in all other cases.〔〔 ==Defeats== Between 1905 and 1922, there were eight instances when ministers were unsuccessful: *Pontypridd by-election, 1922 Thomas Arthur Lewis was defeated after being appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury. *Dudley by-election, 1921 Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen was defeated after being appointed Minister of Agriculture. *Ipswich by-election, 1914 Charles Masterman was defeated in a subsequent attempt to return to the House of Commons. *Bethnal Green South West by-election, 1914 Charles Masterman was defeated after being appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. *Manchester South by-election, 1912 Sir Arthur Haworth was defeated after being appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury. *North Ayrshire by-election, 1911 Andrew Macbeth Anderson was defeated after being appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. *Manchester North West by-election, 1908 Winston Churchill was defeated after being appointed President of the Board of Trade *Brighton by-election, 1905 Gerald Loder was defeated after being appointed Lord Commissioner of the Treasury 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of ministerial by-elections to the British parliament」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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